Flexibility Exercise and Stretching Passive Stretching

Flexibility Flexibility is the range of motion at a given joint. As an example, your shoulders should allow you to reach behind your back and touch both hands together. If this is not possible, you are not as flexible as you should be. This does not give you a license to force yourself to do this stretch. Flexibility must be attained in a controlled and safe manner. Flexibility is likely the most neglected aspect of physical fitness and should be a part of everybodys weekly fitness routine. What is the big deal about flexibility? Flexibility increases physical efficiency and performance. A flexible joint has the ability to move farther in its range and requires less energy to do so. Flexibility decreases risk of injury. Most†¦show more content†¦Integrate regular stretching into your permanent fitness program. For inspiration, look to cats and dogs. They are dedicated practitioners of regular stretching! Just as there are different types of flexibility, there are also differ ent types of stretching. Stretches are either dynamic (meaning they involve motion) or static (meaning they involve no motion). The different types of stretching are: 1. ballistic stretching 2. dynamic stretching 3. active stretching 4. passive (or relaxed) stretching 5. static stretching 6. PNF stretching Ballistic Stretching Ballistic stretching uses the momentum of a moving body or a limb in an attempt to force it beyond its normal range of motion. This is stretching, by bouncing into (or out of) a stretched position, using the stretched muscles as a spring which pulls you out of the stretched position. An example would be bouncing up and down repeatedly touching your toes. This type of stretching is not considered very useful and can lead to injury. It does not allow your muscles to adjust to, and relax in, the stretched position. Dynamic Stretching Dynamic stretching, involves moving parts of your body and gradually increasing reach, speed of movement, or both. Do not confuse dynamic stretching with ballistic stretching! Dynamic stretching consists of controlled movement that takes you (gently!) to the limits of your range of motion. Ballistic stretches involve trying to move a part of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Warming Up and Cooling Down in Physical Education Classes1454 Words   |  6 Pagesvery common to see teachers and coaches begin their class or practice with static stretching. Teachers and coaches most commonly begin their lesson/practice with static stretching in hopes to help their students prevent injury while participating in their physical activity. Although stretching is an important component to physical activity, there is still one key element that should be executed before stretching; that key element being engaging in a warm up activity. Along with beginning withRead MoreThe Effect Of Passive Muscle Stre tching On Blood Glucose Level Of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes1695 Words   |  7 PagesEffect of passive muscle stretching on blood glucose level of patients with type 2 diabetes Introduction Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common chronic metabolic disorders with higher rate of fatal chronic condition, morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by poor glycemic control due to decreased insulin sensitivity(1,2).According to the report of International diabetes federation (IDF) in 2015,415 million people have suffering from the disease worldwide and the rate will be increase toRead MoreThe Effect Of Stretching On Muscle Strength And Performance3009 Words   |  13 Pagesdiscipline, as well as others simply looking to increases their health and fitness. Stretch and flexibility is another area of fitness, one that is often neglected by most people. However, the effect of stretching on both muscle strength and performance is disputed by the relatively few studies that have actually been done on the topic. The results of the studies have ranged from concluding that stretching has a negative effect on strength on performance to concluding that it has no effect to even conc ludingRead MoreEffectiveness Of Dry Needling And Stretching Vs. Stretching1030 Words   |  5 PagesDRY NEEDLING AND STRETCHING VS. STRETCHING ALONE ON HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY IN PATIENTS WITH KNEE PAIN: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2016;11(5):672-683. Brief Description of patient: - Patient is a 27 year old male that presents with atraumatic knee pain in his left knee. Patient has difficulty performing squats, lunges, and other knee related activities while exercising, he also has limited range of motion both active and passive. When tested forRead MoreIn the United States of America the sports industry is booming. Parents are having their infants2300 Words   |  10 Pageslearning how to play the sport but they are not being taught the correct way to prepare their bodies for the sport. People may say that because younger children are not at the competitive level of sports they do not need proper warm-up and cool-down exercises. As a society, we know what children are taught at a young age take through out their life. Just as a child learns his or her ABC’s and 123‘s, they should be taught the fundamental way of preparing their bodies for a sport. At the high school ageRead MoreMy Health Care Provider Which Exercises Are Safe For You810 Words   |  4 PagesAnkle Exercises Ask your health care provider which exercises are safe for you. Do exercises exactly as told by your health care provider and adjust them as directed. It is normal to feel mild stretching, pulling, tightness, or discomfort as you do these exercises, but you should stop right away if you feel sudden pain or your pain gets worse. Do not begin these exercises until told by your health care provider. STRETCHING AND RANGE OF MOTION EXERCISES These exercises warm up your muscles andRead MoreTennis Serve And Effective Warm Up Protocol2820 Words   |  12 Pagesbody of research that have established that static stretching impaired maximal muscular performance (Behm et al. 2006, Faigenbaum et al. 2006, Power et al. 2004). Many present athletes and coaches still use static stretching within their warm-up protocols despite research displaying the negative or null influence it has maximal muscular performance (Kay and Blazevich, 2012). Along with current research suggesting the negative impact of static stretching in warm-up protocols, researchers have began toRead MoreEssay Sports Massage- Case Study3201 Words   |  13 Pagesdue to anecdotal evidence and feedback. Whether that belief is misguided or the research has yet to pinpoint and measure the exact mechanisms of its actions is debatable (Moraska, 2005). Massage could be compared to stretching- the vast majority of sports men and women use stretching as part of their regimes, but the evidence behind it is also suitably vague (Gleim and McHugh, 1992, Thacker et al, 2004). The use of massage in injury management is less contentious, and its use is widespread inRead MoreDifferential Diagnosis And Treatment Of A Patient With Posterior Upper Thoracic Pain1047 Words   |  5 Pagesrelease for the past four months. Interventions used in the articles included CV/CT joint mobilizations, Trigger point release and flexibility and postural exercises (3). The patient was referred to physical therapy, he went for three weeks and experienced some relief after treatments but the pain always came back. The treatment he received at this clinic included exercise, modalities, thoracic spine mobilizations, and massage. He then went back to his primary doctor and received an increased dosageRead MoreTriceps Tendinitis With Rehab Assignment Essay1767 Words   |  8 Pagesmuscle or injury to the upper arm. In most cases, triceps tendinitis heals within 6 weeks. Triceps tendinitis may include a grade 1 or grade 2 strain of the tendon. A grade 1 strain is mild, and it involves a slight pull of the tendon without any stretching or noticeable tearing of the tendon. There is usually no loss of triceps muscle strength. A grade 2 strain is moderate, and it involves a small tear in the tendon. The tendon is stretched and triceps strength is usually decreased. CAUSES This

Military Substance Abuse Prevention Programs - 2987 Words

Runninghead: CLINICAL ANALYSIS Assignment #4: Military Substance Abuse Prevention Programs Gemma K. Vizcocho University of Southern California Professor Fred P. Stone, PhD, LCSW April 24, 2017 Substance abuse in the military has been a problem throughout history. The unique culture and stress experienced by military service members put them more at risk for substance abuse. Drug and alcohol use has been an easy escape and a coping mechanism for those service members who struggle to forget their traumatic war experiences and daily stressors (Jacobson et al., 2008). According to the 2008 Department of Defense (DOD) Survey of Health Related Behaviors, 12 percent to 15 percent of the†¦show more content†¦The rise in prescription drugs abuse is linked with the increased number of medications prescribed to treat chronic pain associated with military service connected injuries. The DOD Survey of Health related Behaviors Among Active Duty military personnel estimated prevalence rate of service members actively using illicit drugs at 12 percent, prescription drug misuse at 11 percent, heavy alcohol use at 20%, and tobacco, including smokeless, at 31 percent (Bray et al ., 2010). Numerous studies have addressed the attitudes and beliefs contributing to stigmatization of mental health issues within military populations (Dickstein, Vogt, Handa, Litza, 2010). The development of these stigmas is deeply associated in the traditions and culture that exists in the military. Ame and Cunradi (2005) stated that workplace culture in the military could be a risk factor for heavy alcohol use or binge drinking. Additionally, alcohol access is readily available at reduced prices on most military installations. Multiple studies have also cited mental health stigma as one of the most prevalent that exist in a military culture. Seeking treatment for substance abuse among service member is a form of weakness. Rae Olmsted and colleagues compared perceptions of stigma among soldiers in treatment and those who are not. The findings suggest that those in treatment have lower perceptions of stigma associated with their care than those service membersShow MoreRelatedEssay On Conpartum Profile1227 Words   |  5 PagesArmy ´s workforce and emphasize alcohol and other drug abuse deterrence, prevention, education, and rehabilitation. 3. Implement alcohol and other drug risk reduction and prevention strategies that respond to potential problems before they jeopardize readiness, productivity, and careers. 4. Restore to duty those substance-impaired Soldiers who have the potential for continued military Service. 5. Provide effective alcohol and other drug abuse prevention and education at all levels of command, and encourageRead MoreHca/250 Final Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesSubstance abuse is a very widely known public epidemic in todays society. Many people are unfortunately plagued by this issue. According to Emedicinehealth.com (2012), â€Å"People abuse substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs for varied and complicated reasons, but it is clear that our society pays a significant cost,† (para. 1). People that are affected by substance abuse includes a very different range of people. Many that abuse the substances end up having health-related problems whichRead MoreDrug Of Drug And Drug Abuse1538 Words   |  7 Pagesestimated that by 1975, there were about 550,000 users of addictive drugs in the U.S† (Lee, 1998). Since then, hundreds of programs have sprung up all over the country to combat the growing problem. Programs such as D.A.R.E. and NORML forming and claiming to be effective in helping people resist peer pressure and possibly even overcome addiction. There are hundreds of drug resistance programs around the country today, but they have still yet to prove that they are a truly effective way to overcoming drugRead MoreEpidemiology of Homeless1613 Words   |  7 PagesVulnerable populations in Jacksonville, North Carolina, are the homeless and indigent veterans with mental illness. Jacksonville, North Carolina, is a military town with three military bases in the county and one 40 miles to the north of it. The populations that live in the town are active duty military and their families, transplants to the area via military affiliation, and retirees. Homeless is a term used for a person who does not have a home or permanent place to live but does not necessarily meanRead MoreResearch Intervention And Prevention Programs867 Words   |  4 Pagesfamily visitation center. I ensured that children could interact with their parent in a way that was safe, appropriate, and healthy for the child’s physical and emotional health. Each of the families I monitored had histories of violence, neglect, substance abuse, criminal history, or parental mental illness. I witnessed the resiliency and risk factors that affected the children these children, who ranged in age from infancy to adolescence. However, I was impacted by the fact that many of these childrenRead MoreThe Substance Abuse Social Worker1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe Substance Abuse Social Worker Social workers have long worked with people who abuse substances, beginning in the 1800’s with sobriety houses and inebriate asylums, to settlement houses in the profession’s beginnings to developing self-help, consumer-driven programs, designing inpatient detoxification programs, and to applying youth-oriented prevention and education programs. As an addictions counselor, the social worker is a part of a specialized profession that began with the wounded healerRead MoreCurrent Services And Programs For Suicide Prevention Program1163 Words   |  5 Pagesand Programs As a social worker, I know that my clients are coming to me in a time in their lives where they need help, and some these clients are affected by suicide. Therefore, I must be aware of the current programs and service being utilized in the field of practice to prevent suicide. In this section, I will be identifying current services and programs aimed at preventing suicide among military service members and veterans. Additionally, I will address the effectiveness of these programs andRead MoreThe Career Path Using My Christian Worldview1262 Words   |  6 Pagesserving in the military. It has almost become a check in the box just to get your foot in the door. Once you get the job they train you on what that specific company needs or wants. I am here to tell you that you can utilize your degree in your job, not just to get the job. This paper will take what I have learned and directly correlate it to my career path using my Christian worldview. Do I need a degree to work in military and be successful? The answer to this question is no. The military encouragesRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among Veterans : The Military And Alcohol Essay2250 Words   |  9 PagesSubstance Abuse Among Veterans: The Military and Alcohol Introduction The U.S. military produces some of the bravest most heroic men and women on earth. From the moment the oath of enlistment is made to the time of separation or retirement, these courageous souls endure a number of amazing, historic and sometimes unbelievable events. They are praise for their service and lift even higher for their sacrifice, although most are unaware of the true sacrifices are made by some of these men and womenRead MoreThe Real Insurgency: Suicide Rates in the Military Ranks Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pagesexplanations for suicide will never be known, depression or other diagnosable mental or substance abuse disorders top the list of more than 90 percent of why lives are torn from us. Over the last couple years around the military there has been much debate on whether this rate has been drastically affected by the increased military footprint from fighting two wars. Prior to the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the military suicide rate was well below the civi lian rate. The sharpest increase started within

Parents Have the Most Important and Lasting Impact on the Overall Development and Socialization of Their Child Free Essays

â€Å"Parents have the most important and lasting impact on the overall development and socialization of their child. † As children grow up, there are many factors which influence their attitudes and behaviors. It is generally learned first from their parents, then the socialization. We will write a custom essay sample on Parents Have the Most Important and Lasting Impact on the Overall Development and Socialization of Their Child or any similar topic only for you Order Now This statement shows us that correct form different parts, which are sociological theories, the role of parents and parenting styles, care by others and the influence of society. According to two of the sociological theories are functionalism and systems theory. Functionalism attempts to explain how a society is organized to perform its required functions effectively; it focuses on how the structures function within society. Parents have their own responsibility in the families, they add the concept of reproduction to their children, because a population growth can become wealthier; to take care of the children who cannot care for themselves; they are responsibility teaching the socializing to the them; and controlling the behavior of their children. It is very important and having deeply impact on the development of their children. Systems theory is the other sociological theory that attempts to explain how groups of individuals interact as a system, a set of different parts that work together and influence one another in a relatively stable way over time. Parents have different parts of responsibilities for their children before their children grow up. Mothers have to take care of them and teaching the socializing to them. Fathers have to add the concept of reproduction to their children. Over time, children absorb the concept form their parents, so that parents have a large parts of affect for them. A long time ago, human had divided by different small villages. Both of them are independence that has not been influenced by the others. They also are self-sufficiency. Everyone has their own talent, such as hunting, waving, farming and so on. In that time, family had to provide their economic needs, which are foods and clothes, for the younger and older members. Their responsibility is teaching their children the skills, knowledge, values, and attitudes of their society, children who learn these are able to work and relate to others within appropriate adult roles. In industrial revolution was bringing an unprecedented change in the human family system; children and women were particularly in roles. In that time, the economy shifted from self-sufficiency to commerce which is based on factory production in the city or town, and someone work outside the family home to earn a wage to provide for family. Fathers were the money-earners who worked to provide for their wives and children; mothers were nurturers who worked at home and supported financially by their husbands. Nowadays, family build a close relationship, they will give all of the support to the other member. In this century, fathers are still earning money; most of the mothers are working to share the responsibility of their husbands, some of them leave their work and look after their children. They have to instill the different concept about society and reproduction to their future. When children were grown up, they have to take the responsibility that look after their parents; however, parents will concern their children about their work, and help them to solve the problems. In this days and ages, parents are all playing in important roles for their parents. Parenting styles are one of the other important sides in helping parents develop positive impacts on their children. The commonly views of the family have a direct impact on parenting and parent-child relationships. Parents who have a high value of career and work success will focus on a different value on family time and time with their children than the less. Parents who value the goals and needs of individuals over the family will have a difficult time putting their personal needs on hold to care for family members. Parents who are busy fulfilling their individual needs may not take a lot of time to parent in a democratic or nurturing manner. Instead, they may use punishment to get their children to behave themselves. Parents who spend a great deal of time with their children get to know them better and become more sensitive to their needs. Three basic styles of parenting have been considered: authoritative, authoritarian and permissive. There has been a focus on authoritative parenting, which is characterized by warm, support, acceptance and indirect positive control of the children. It is compared to authoritarian parenting, which is distinguished by more parental control and use of punishment, as well as to permissive parenting, which is typified by few rules and by the children controlling the family situations. Children raised by authoritative parents are better adjustment of psychological and have a better self-concept. In contrast, authoritarian parents use more physical punishment, which has been shown to negatively affect the child’s adjustment, especially if it is severe and frequent. Children who experience this type of parenting feel rejected by their parents. They also tend to have more problems with psychological adjustment. Children raised by permissive parents who offer much warmth and encouragement tend to be more irresponsible, impulsive and immature, while children raised by permissive parents who are hostile and rejecting tend to be flighty, anxious, and emotionally impoverished. Hostile parenting practices, such as harsh discipline, unsuppressed anger, and use of negative comments, have been shown to lead to children with low scores in their ability to get along with others. Being raised by a hostile parent has a more negative influence on child’s ability to form positive relationships than any other aspect of a child’s family background. Positive parenting practices result in positive scores in social relationships, helping behavior, and motor and social development. Overall, the style of parenting is one of the most important and lasting impacts on the overall development and socialization of a child. In this day and age, there are a lot parents passed their children by nanny or child care centre, because of their jobs. There are a lot of cases of child abuse, most of it are not abused by their parents, is nanny or the teacher in child care centre. They will punish and corporal punishment them, because they are noisy. I have an experience on it. My friend had abused by her nanny when she was young. When she was 7, her parent is busy on their job, they are working to high value career, and they do not have any time to look after her. So they let the nanny to take care of my friend. The nanny did not look after her nicely, moreover hurt her. The nanny use the hanger to fetch her and punish her, the nanny put all the pressure on her. Did the nanny think that she just a 7 year-old girl, she might change the behavior because of this case. Finally, her parent known this case fired the nanny and compensation claims. However, my friend gets a big turning point on it. She does not trust anyone more and not contact with people. However, society also can impact on the overall development and socialization of the children. There are lots of attractive activities, such as drugs, alcohol, and cigarette and so on, in the society, children will feel curious. Children may be together with the bad guys who with affect their behavior. However, if parents discipline their children in the best ways, children cannot impacted by the other people. Therefore, parents are important and lasting impact on the overall development and socialization of their child. How to cite Parents Have the Most Important and Lasting Impact on the Overall Development and Socialization of Their Child, Papers

Automotive Electronics free essay sample

Then, the paper identi? es the key networking technologies used for in-vehicle and inter-vehicle applications, comparing their properties and indicating future challenges in the area of wireless automotive communications, with a focus on realtime aspects. inter-vehicle communications are presented and compared, pointing out real-time related aspects, in Section 3. Finally, the paper is summarised in Section 4. 2 Telematics Automotive telematics enables the deployment of a number of new services and applications integrating wireless communication technology into a vehicle. As a result, the vehicle acquires new capabilities and offers more services to its users. Examples of telematics services and applications are: †¢ Navigation and traf? c information systems A vehicle equipped with a telematics unit can direct a driver to a desired location, while providing real-time traf? c information for a given route. †¢ Voice recognition and wireless Internet connection Drivers and their passengers can receive and send voiceactivated e-mails while on the road. †¢ Safety systems Collision avoidance systems, unsafe driving pro? ling, intelligent airbag deployment systems. We will write a custom essay sample on Automotive Electronics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Communications between the vehicle and its surroundings, e. g. , other vehicles and roadside objects. Automatic airbag deployment noti? cation. Accident and roadside assistance. An example is given by the General Motors Advanced Automatic Crash Noti? cation (AACN) system available on many GM OnStar TM -equipped vehicles. †¢ Security systems Vehicle antitheft and stolen vehicle tracking services. Tracking and remote door unlocking is provided by OnStar TM -equipped vehicles. †¢ Diagnostics and maintenance services Remote diagnostics and/or maintenance systems, vehicle and driver monitoring. 1 Introduction Nowadays the two areas that are getting most attention in automotive communications are protocols and technologies supporting x-by-wire applications, e. g. , Flexray [3], and protocols and technologies for telematics and wireless applications. Automotive telematics refers to any kind of vehicle information or communication service that relies on a wireless communication link. There are several applications pushing for the adoption of wireless communications in automotive systems, both within the vehicle (in-vehicle communications) and between the vehicle and its surroundings (inter-vehicle communications). Looking at in-vehicle communications, more and more portable devices, e. g. , mobile phones, portable GSM devices and laptop computers could exploit the possibility of interconnection with the vehicle. Also, several new applications will exploit the possibility of inter-vehicle communications, e. g. , vehicle-to-vehicle [2] and vehicle-toroadside communications. This paper presents the most common wireless protocols used for in-vehicle and inter-vehicle communications in the automotive industry, and the ones that might be used in the near future. Originally devised for PAN deployment for low-cost, low-power, short-range wireless ad hoc interconnection, Bluetooth technology has fast become very appealing also for the automotive environment, as a potential automotive wireless networking technology. In response to interest by the automotive industry, in December 1999 the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) formed the Car Working Group. The Hands-Free pro? le was the ? rst of several application level speci? cations from the Car Working Group. Using the new Hands-Free pro? le, products that implement the Bluetooth speci? ation can facilitate automatic establishment of a connection between the car’s hands-free system (typically part of its audio system) and a mobile phone. Bluetooth wireless products incorporating these new enhancements enable a seamless, virtually automatic interface between the car and wireless products. Today, Bluetooth allows hands-free use of a mobile phone either through the car’s audio syst em or wireless headsets, resulting in better sound and control, and a safe solution to legislation banning mobile phone use while driving. The Bluetooth SIG, in November 2004, laid out a threeyear roadmap for future improvements to Bluetooth. Prioritised targets include Quality of Service (QoS), security, power consumption, multicast capabilities, privacy enhancements. Long-range performance improvements are expected to increase the range of very low power Bluetoothenabled sensors to approximately 100 meters. systems raised signi? cant interoperability problems which ZigBee technology solves, providing a standardized base set of solutions for sensor and control systems.

Adderall in College free essay sample

The article I read was about the abuse and prevention of the ADHD drug Adderall. The general consensus is that stimulant amphetamines like Adderall do indeed increase performance in those that do and do not have properly diagnosed ADHD. The promise of a better GPA with less effort is promise enough for college students across the board to obtain Adderall by any means necessary. Many students admit to actually seeing doctors and purposefully exaggerating symptoms of ADHD to acquire medication. Others just buy it off one of their friends who are more then likely to have a legal prescription. Over half of college students in the Boston area have said they have taken Adderall before to improve their test score, study abilities and to stay up all night to party. The danger lies in the possibility of dependence and the rarely considered effect of the drug on those that have preexisting medical problems that can deteriorate with prolonged use. We will write a custom essay sample on Adderall in College or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Critique: The title of this article is called Steroids for School: College students get hooked on ‘smart drugs. ’ By Linda Carroll. This article/ report was on the Today Show last year and it took us inside the life of a student who takers Adderall. Since many students assert that they use Adderall only for studying for large tests and completing important assignments, the risk of dependency is high. One student that was being interviewed in the artile said the following â€Å"I don’t think I’m addicted†¦.. I just can’t imagine not taking it; I attend a major university†¦. I take two pills when I have a ton of work to do†¦. Without Adderall I failed one class†¦. I began to take Adderall again and saw a huge improvement. † The long-term effects of using Adderall in this manner are relatively unknown, however it is well known that those that use amphetamines in larger doses by snorting or inhaling can very well be diagnosed with addiction. Just one example of an amphetamine of this nature is speed. Adderall is also called the â€Å"the poor mans crack† back it has similar effects but yet a lot cheaper and easier to get your hands on. Because of it being so easy to obtain many college students don’t think its illegal to be taking it without a prescription. If someone gets caught selling it or buying Adderall without a prescription, is the same offense as buying or selling cocaine. One of the doctors who was doing the article study explains how by taking Adderall you are just hurting yourself in the long run. Parents are accustomed to warning their kids about the dangers of alcohol and stimulants like cocaine may have been caught off guard by the growing prevalence of prescription medication use among college students trying score good grades. While Adderall is considered safe when taken as prescribed by a doctor, experts say it can be very addictive. â€Å"It’s a highly addictive substance and when you play with addictive substances, you ultimately get burned,† Stephen Odom, a drug abuse counselor at Sober Living by the Sea, told Robach. â€Å"For all intents and purposes, Adderall is speed. You’re putting something in your body that’s gonna make you think you’re OK when you’re not. And the next thing you know, you’re gonna be spinning out of control.

Interpretations of The Road by Cormac McCarthy essays

Interpretations of The Road by Cormac McCarthy essays Cormac McCarthy, author of "The Road," was raised Roman Catholic and attended Catholic High School in Knoxville, Tennessee. He then went to the University of Tennessee in 1951-52 where he majored in liberal arts. McCarthy joined the U.S. Air Force in 1953 where he served four years, spending two of them in Alaska, where he hosted a radio show. He has written ten novels of various genres; Southern Gothic, Western, and Post-Apocalyptic. In 2006, Alfred A. Knopf published "The Road," which won the Pulitzer Prize for literature. McCarthy was granted an interview with Oprah Winfrey, who had chosen "The Road" for her Book Club. Not only did it win a Pulitzer Prize, but it also won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction. McCarthy was truly one of America's great writers! "The Road" opens after an apocalyptic event. The first few pages of the novel situate us in the landscape of ash and isolation. The boy and the man are the main characters and McCarthy never discloses their given names. The boy and the man suffering from exposure to cold temperatures and lack of food. They encounter many dangers on the road as they travel south. As they move inland to a pine forest, they come to a point where the man can't go any further. Feeling exhausted and worn out, he lies down beside the road and dies. Before he passes away, he speaks words of encouragement and love to his son. The reader never knows for sure if it's the trauma of the arrow that pierced his leg or his respiratory illness that led to his demise. Much of the book leads up to this event, and the man's interactions with the boy can be seen as an attempt to prepare the boy to live in the world on his own. Luckily, after his father's death, he encounters a family on the road and is welcomed to tra vel along with them. The book seems just to stop there, leaving it to the reader's imagination to find out what is next. Critics love the brain twister ending of the book, and I agree ...

Developing Professionals in Design Entrepreneurship Assignment

Developing Professionals in Design Entrepreneurship - Assignment Example The UK and Saudi Arabian schools are now offering specific teaching methodologies that allow students to work into design entrepreneurship in a different manner. The methodologies which are used can be examined from a variety of perspectives, all which pertain to how it is influencing the field of design as well as how this relates specifically to the levels of being an entrepreneur in society with the new levels of education and technology available. Different professions require specific approaches and focus within the industry. One of the professions which continue to offer substantial opportunity is design entrepreneurship. This particular field is one which is noted to provide a high level of creativity and opportunity within the studies and professional opportunities. The design entrepreneurship that is available is one which differs according to culture and expectations in society, all of which creates the ability to use skills and processes through defined training. When exploring the concept of design entrepreneurship, it can be seen that the educational studies, as well as the approach in which most take to the study, is able to provide significant opportunities to those interested in the field. This paper will examine the ideology of design entrepreneurship as well as how it associates with the UK and Saudi Arabian art and design universities, all which lead to specific outcomes in how students approach design after the ir education. Design entrepreneurship is known as a service-oriented architecture field. Those who move into the design are interested in creating architecture or a framework for graphics, technology or for the implementation of a product. Designers can work in fields such as architecture, interior design, graphic design or fashion, all of which are based on providing specific innovations and designs which can then be created and sold in the marketplace.  

Public Relations effectiveness and application Essay

Public Relations effectiveness and application - Essay Example Public relations in normally offered free of charge to create public understanding and acceptance. Public relations, therefore, target a wide group of people in the society. These include the employees, investors, the media, the sponsors’ supplies of the company and the community around. In this research, therefore, I seek to explore how companies ensure effective planning and execution of public relation. BBC’s promotion of the new series of Spook Public relations is a major tool that a company or an organization uses to create credibility with the public. Media coverage attracts quality prospects, avoid competition and make an organization a player (Smith, 2011). This is the reason the writers of spook decided to carry out their promotion program on the media. Spook is a drama series that was being run on the BBC news channel in an effort to make the public understand the effect of complex relations that existed between the United States, United Kingdom and Iran. The drama ran on the channel for a decade after which it came to an end registering high number of public viewing of close to six million audiences. This number of audience viewing was registered as a result of good public relations created by the media. To create good relations with the public, an organization has to set its objectives which will define the organization’s target and vision. ... BBC in tern builds this relation by airing the drama at 9 Pm when everyone is probably in the house. This attracted close to six million audiences in its decade of running. To avoid criticism from the government, episode four was to be aired on Tuesday to give way for the Queen's Golden Jubilee celebrations in the UK. In this way, the BBC avoided a situation where the Queen would have felt disobeyed which could have affected the good relation and acceptance by the government. According to Smith (2004) planning for public relations is vital in the creation of a good relationship with the public as it is considered more important than the advertisement itself. This involves defining objectives for creating public awareness, building good will with the public, creating good corporate image, and identifying and eliminating those issues that may portray your organization in a negative way. In this regard, Spook chose BBC to promote its product through televised means to reach many audienc es across he UK. For effectiveness, the BBC plans and allocates the 9 pm time as the best time for viewing the play. The time duration for each series is effectively planned; where each series was allocated 50 minutes and the series was to be shown every Monday. This kind of planning is important in public relations as each audience knows the time the drama was being aired. This gave them opportunity to plan for their activities of the day. Measures to create goodwill with the audience at the planning stage must be put in place as they are the main target. It was, however, unfortunate that by the time the bomb last hit Britain in July 7th, the drama had been written on terrorism. The airing of this drama we find causing eyebrows at some squatters claiming it

Populism and the Military, and the Struggle for Democracy Essay

Populism and the Military, and the Struggle for Democracy - Essay Example This gained him a lot of support from the large majority who were being oppressed and this saw him get elected in 1946 as the president. His ideologies later became known as the populist nationalism (Pearson 17). He maintained his power by ensuring that the urban working class had improved social and economic lives than their previous status in any other government. Peron played a major role in the development of Argentina. His government was considered as one of the most progressive governments in the 20th century. In the historical development of Argentina, Peron established trade unions in every industry to represent the working class. Thus, the Peronism era contributed largely to the development of the country and its people economically (15). In his era, he managed to liberate Argentina from foreign holds by buying major industries back from the British and he laid groundwork to ensure that Argentina became independently stable economically. He also monopolized the export industry resulting in larger sales of Argentina’s products overseas. He also introduced new programs such as free education for his people and this greatly empowered them. Peron was a reformer as his developmental changes were aimed at equally distributing the country’s wealth to everyone in the

A Professional Development Plan

A Professional Development Plan In reflecting on my professional development, I consider that my skills and competencies have developed significantly and that my level of responsibility has developed to reflect this. Leading the production of the Neighbourhood Plan is a challenging task that has drawn on my skills across a very broad range of areas. It has also however been a very rewarding area of work and one that I feel has significantly developed my core spatial planning skills and will provide a robust basis to further my professional development. I also believe that my experience at RDA and (name removed) City Council has enabled me to start to develop the wider generic skill set required of built environment professionals, particularly in terms of multidisciplinary working, negotiation and mediation, and leadership. This will provide a strong basis from which to develop my future career within the sector and effectively respond to change. STRENGTHS Well developed analytical and research skills Strong report writing/policy skills Breadth of experience in spatial planning and regeneration through roles at Development Agency Council Strong interpersonal skills Wide range of professional contacts and networks through involvement in Regional Activities Committee and Young Planners Events WEAKNESSES Limited knowledge of development control and the mechanics of planning inquiries, compulsory purchase powers etc. No direct line-management experience Need to develop skills in terms of managing conflict/difficult situations OPPORTUNITIES Urban renaissance and current public policy commitment to building skills amongst built environment professionals e.g. Academy for Sustainable Communities, Regional Centres of Excellence, CABE Emergence of City Regions and development of associated organisations and bodies Widening range of public sector special delivery bodies and regeneration agencies e.g. URCs, UDCs, RDAs Missing generation of planners could provide opportunities for more rapid career progression THREATS Impact of Comprehensive Spending Review on regeneration spending and growth within the sector Impact of review of land use planning/potential change of political direction under new Labour leadership Competition from recent increase in number of high calibre graduates completing accelerated RTPI-accredited Masters degrees. PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN Period: September 2006 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ September 2008 Date of next review: March 2007 WHERE AM I NOW? Current job title and employer details Since 3 April 2006 I have been employed as Planning Officer (Planning Regeneration) at (name removed) City Council. Current job / role My key area of work is the project management of the production of a Neighbourhood Plan as a nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœstatutory area planning document. The core tasks which the production of the Neighbourhood Plan involves are: Preparation and agreement of the scope and approach to the production of the Neighbourhood Plan; Preparation of a Baseline and Issues report; Commissioning and management of consultants to facilitate stakeholder and community engagement workshops; Coà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœordination of both Officer Group and Advisory Group meetings; Principal point of contact for community and stakeholder enquiries; Preparation of the Neighbourhood Plan document and associated Sustainability Assessment and Consultation Statement; Liaison with Elected Members; and Preparation of formal reports to Planning Lead Member, Cabinet, and Council. Outside the project management of the production of the Neighbourhood Plan, my role also involves: preparing development briefs for key sites, and associated community and stakeholder engagement; providing policy advice in relevant preà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœapplication discussions with developers relating to significant development sites; working with partners to secure the implementation of plans and urban regeneration schemes; preparing reports to Lead Member, Cabinet and Council to seek political endorsement where appropriate; and providing planning advice to colleagues and stakeholders across a range of disciplines including housing, property, neighbourhood management, education services, and landscape design. Current strengths Policy / report writing skills à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ these were significantly developed through my work at RDA and will provide a strong basis to inform my production of policy documents and development briefs. See log book entry, p.x Analytical and research skills à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ these were also significantly developed through my work at RDA and have been critical in supporting my preparation of a Baseline and Issues report for the Neighbourhood Plan area. See log book entry, p.y Project management and collaborative working à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ my project management of the Historic Towns and Cities study at RDA developed my project management skills in terms of managing the consultants and financial management. My skills in collaborative and multidisciplinary working were developed through liaising with the steering group and engaging key partners and stakeholders. See log book entry, p.z Current areas for developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Engaging and working with the local community à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ due to the nature of my role at RDA this is not an area in which I had experience prior to working at (current employer). It will be important that I continue to develop skills in this area in order to effectively carry out the duties of my role. Taking forward the Neighbourhood Plan process will be a key means of developing my skills in this area. See log book pages a, b and c. Knowledge of the development control / implementation side of planning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ this relates to developing my detailed knowledge across a range of key areas which could be termed the mechanics of planning. These include planning applications, appeals and inquiries, callà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœins, development control and enforcement, and compulsory purchase powers. These are not areas in which I previously had experience given the nature of my role at RDA. They will however be important areas for development given the more local l implementation based nature of my role at (location removed). Developing skills in understanding and mediating political situations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœdeveloping skills in political awareness and mediation will be important given the political nature of planning, and partnership working more generally. In terms of my role at (location removed), the areas which I will seek to strengthen include managing relationships with key partners and stakeholders, colleagues from other sections within the Council, and Elected Members. WHERE AM I GOING? Long term goals My long term goal is to develop my career in the public sector. There are a wide range of reasons which underpin this commitment. These include the range of opportunities available, the breadth of work and the ability to make a difference and see tangible results from your work, together with the supportive organisational culture and commitment to staff development and maintaining a positive workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœlife balance. My goal would be to work within planning/regeneration within a special delivery body as I believe this would offer the greatest potential for creativity and innovation. Within the existing organisational landscape, this could for example be within an Urban Regeneration Company. There are however likely to be other similar bodies emerging in the future as the organisational landscape changes. I believe that my experience to date within the RDA working on a strategic / policy based level, together with the more local level, implementationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœfocused experience I will get in my present role at (location removed) will put me in a good position to realise my goal by giving me a broad range of experience in planning and regeneration. Short term goals I will develop my skills in terms of working with the local community and securing effective engagement in the planà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmaking process. I will develop my knowledge of the mechanics of planning, including planning applications, appeals and inquiries, callà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœins, development control and enforcement, and compulsory purchase powers. I will develop my skills of political awareness through managing relationships with key partners, stakeholders, colleagues from other sections within the Council and Elected Members. (continued on next page to allow for space for comments, right) HOW WILL I GET THERE? Objective 1: Develop skills of community working and engagement. How will I get there? Liaise with the Consultation and Commissioning group and other colleagues to develop a best practice approach to community engagement as part of the production of the Neighbourhood Plan. First meeting December 06. Learn best practice techniques of facilitation from specialist consultants commissioned to facilitate the Neighbourhood Plan workshops. Initial meeting set up for March 07. Continue to assist in the facilitation of relevant community engagement workshops and events at the Council. Workshops approaching in November and December 06. Continue to attend community facilitation workshops through my volunteer role with regional Planning Aid (see examples in log book, pages d, e and f). Workshop event July 07. Attend relevant training events on community engagement techniques organised by the RTPI, Planning Aid, or the (location removed) Planners Training Group. Specifically, event on Engaging with Young People in February 07. Objective 2: Develop detailed knowledge of the mechanics of planning. How will I get there? Involvement with development control colleagues at (development regeneration services consultancy) in pre- ­application discussions with developers for scheme proposals for key sites. Meeting scheduled for October 06. Developing my working knowledge of the key development control principles, through familiarisation with the GDPO and planning legislation, and familiarisation with the Councils relevant draft and adopted Supplementary Planning Documents, including the Planning Obligations SPD, Housing SPD, Greenspace SPD, Design and Crime SPD, and the Nature Conservation Biodiversity SPD. Have read and understood all documents by January 08. Relevant web-based research via Localaw and the DCLG and HMSO websites to develop my knowledge of relevant documents relating to the statutory procedures and legislative context. Involvement with colleagues from the Plans Group in relation to assisting in the preparation of case for appeals and call-ins. One-to-one arranged with (colleague) for November 06. Attendance at relevant planning inquiries to observe and learn from proceedings. Inquiry examining (details removed) due for January 07. Keep updated of amendments to the statutory procedures through reading relevant articles in Planning, the Planning Matters website, and attending Planning Law update events. Ongoing review amendments/learning outcomes in April 07. Objective 3: Develop skills in terms of political awareness and relationship management. How will I get there? Co-ordination of the Neighbourhood Plan Officer Group and Advisory Group, which will develop my skills in relationship building with officers from across the Councils Directorates, in addition to Elected Members and community representatives. Meeting scheduled December 06. Actively engage key external stakeholders in the production of the Neighbourhood Plan, including the (location removed) URC, the PCT and NHS Trust, (local area) Police, and key Registered Social Landlords. Continue to build my network of professional contacts through my role on the RTPI Regional Activities Committee and my involvement in the (regional) Young Planners Group and Planning Aid. Comments Summary Overall this is a clear and comprehensive Professional Development Plan. The candidate has thought deeply about where he sees his career progressing, so while his short term goals are focused on improvements relating to his current role, this is part of a wider vision for the future. There is clear ownership of the PDP on reading it you understand the candidates strengths and weaknesses through the same themes being picked up and addressed in the SWOT, the strengths/weaknesses of the PDP, and future objectives. So while the short term goals might not directly and explicitly work towards the long term goals, it is easy to see how these goals/objectives have been arrived at. Although the rest of the APC submission is not shown here, the PDP is also clearly identifiable as belonging to this candidate, and it is therefore clear that it is a very personal account. References are made to sections of the log book, which help with this. The actions that are identified are a little vague th e comments show how this has/could be improved by identifying more structured/specific activities, and by introducing target time frames. The candidate does not rely solely on general activities in the workplace, but identifies some firm CPD activities that will very likely have to take place outside of the day-to-day employment e.g. structured reading/research with particular topics/documents in mind. Candidates should avoid relying solely on activities that will take place during day-to-day work to meet objectives undertaking an activity at work doesnt necessarily mean you will learn from it, and opportunities to take on certain work activities are often outside of your control.

Essay --

Philip Covarrubias Covarrubias 1 Fire 101-10 Friday 0900-1150 12-06-2013 Iroquois Theater Fire The Iroquois Theatre (Theater) Fire occurred on December 30, 1903, in Chicago, Illinois. It is the deadliest theater fire and the deadliest single-building fire in United States history. A total of 602 people died as a result of the fire. The theatre had three audience levels. The main floor (known as the "orchestra" or "parquet") was on the same level as the Foyer or Grand Stair Hall. The second level (the "dress circle") and the third level (the "gallery") were accessed through broad stairways that led off the foyer. The backstage areas were unusually large, with dressing rooms on five levels, an uncommonly large fly gallery (where scenery was hung), and even an elevator available to transport actors down to the stage level. The Iroquois was Chicago's newest and most polished theater, built by architect Benjamin Marshall, who had studied many fires over the years and had tried to make this particular building as safe as possible. The Iroquois was designed in the image of a famous Paris opera house, and the four-story structure contained elaborates stained glass windows and polished wood. The lobby of the Iroquois had a sixty-foot high ceiling and marble walls, and Marshall had put in as many as twenty-five exits tha t supposedly would allow a capacity crowd to escape any problems in less than five minutes. A curtain made of asbestos was supposed to be present, one that could be lowered from above the stage to protect the audience in case of a fire that started there. But common sense did not prevail when it came to the seats in the Iroqu... ...ned hysteria. But the exit doors opened inward, and the crush of bodies against the people trying to open them did not allow them to do so. Also, many of the side doors were locked. The Iroquois was plunged into darkness as the lights went out, and the fire, fueled by the air coming in from the rear doors, exploded throughout the main auditorium. When the fire company arrived, everything appeared normal, as there was no smoke coming out of the Iroquois Theater at first. But when they went into the building, they could not open the doors because of the bodies that were stacked against them. The death toll in the upper balconies was tremendous, as the fire escape supposedly leading down to the street a hundred feet below was found to be non-existent, leaving some to jump or fall to their death from the great height. As many as 150 people met their fate in this manner.

Debate on British Monarchy

Good evening, everybody. Today I am going to bring in the debate on should the British Monarchy be demolished or not. I will talk on both sides and would like everyone to pay attention so that you all can be part of this discussion. The British monarchy can be discussed in Britain as well and if it did have a vote the result outcome would be equal and would have a stronger and more interesting debate. In UK the power of the queen is not much as a head of state or in the government but more in representing the country. In Pakistan and the US the president would be the same power as the Prime Minister in UK. There are many reasons we should get rid of the monarchy here are they: Many times it has been the case that the monarch is not British and from somewhere else. The questions which raises in everyone’s mind is that, I am British and still a worker, but she is from somewhere else and a monarch? Why does she deserve it? This has a very harsh effect on the people and the state, since she might be helping her country with the money from the British people. She brings more people into to UK to work and earn money from there. The queen is not important because she does not participate in the government or running the country the job is done by the Prime minister. The only thing she does is signs the final bill so that it becomes a law. Unfortunately she does not check it, or read it. The parliament decides amongst them by using a vote and debate system and decides on the bill. The queen is there used as a signer. There is a fact that it brings tourism and makes the country more popular, but that even wastes money. You have to give the money to the queen for sitting and sleeping and eating all day. For example when the people come they buy souvenirs but they even stay here and we serve them. We have to have more space and more habitats for them to live. That costs a lot! The queen does not even have the power to raise her voice in from of the government, since she does not participate in the issues and country development the citizens think she does not exist. She does not even come out in public and talk she just sleeps. For example a riot is happening out there but she is still having her tea on time and not deciding or thinking of a solution. She takes enough money as a person on high level would take in a year she takes it in a month, for example I get 300,000 rupees a year, but she takes it in a click. What does she do with that nothing keeps it because the country takes care of the cost she uses regarding the country! Now I have brought the discussion of the monarchy to be demolished to an end and will start to give my voice about keeping the monarch. You can take a short break and have snacks and then I will carry on. Why should we spoil a tradition of centuries of Britain that there would be kings and queens in Britain to rule it? There are so many monarchs who have done well for the country and some who have taken action on the parliament. Just like Queen Anne of Britain who refused to the bill because she read it and checked it not only signed it. The queen helps Britain a lot because they are the ones who created the British parliament. The British created 209 years before from today. Since the queen has not many jobs she still focuses only on Britain and its development. It gives some people to show off for their country. The queen and the palace bring a lot of tourism and more of the population to Britain to show off as well. For example if something cool happens like taking a signature of a popular movie star makes you look cool, but nevertheless the queen acts like a figure to help you show off. Not only that but she at least plays a role in the country and gets very popular just like that. Some people say it is good to keep because she keeps good relations with other countries and has contact and can take help from them. Such as when they are in war or in violent states there are other countries which support and help them. The queen can even make friends with Britain, but they were enemies before. The queen is a symbolic figure and has a status throughout the world. For example when she goes to other countries or in her own country is not hit by shoes or people say bad things or protest against her. Her hands which she wears gloves is so powerful that is makes the countries friends. And the hand keeps everyone united in the UK. Ladies and gentlemen’s I have brought myself to a conclusion that the queen should stay because she is a generation of the others who were there centuries ago. She represents the history of Britain.

How to Become a Copy Editor

How to Become a Copy Editor How to Become a Copy Editor How to Become a Copy Editor By Mark Nichol If my recent post about copyediting, or anything else you’ve read or heard about the profession, intrigues you, and you’d like to give it a try, read this advice before you commit: Research Find a managing editor often, MEs are former copy editors or a current copy editor at a nearby company (or locate a freelancer) and request an informational interview. If you’re bashful about â€Å"bothering† someone you don’t know, ask yourself, â€Å"Would I assent if I were in their place?† Most people are happy to share advice with would-be colleagues as long as they don’t come across as predators out to eat them and take their place. Just make sure you don’t try to turn it into a job interview, that you answer the â€Å"dumb† questions yourself ahead of time (by reading articles like this one) and compile some detailed, insightful queries, and keep your promise not to take up too much of their time. It is OK to ask them to let you know, after you tell them they’ve inspired you to pursue copyediting, if they hear about any opportunities or have any more advice to share with you. If you’re already employed in publishing, journalism, or marketing, or have a job in another profession where written communication is a key part of the business, check in with the managing editor, content manager, or whoever by any other name coordinates production of copy and ask them about copyediting opportunities. Many companies don’t have staff copy editors per se, but often copyediting is performed by people with other job titles; find out what those jobs are, and apply for them when they’re advertised in house. Learn Copy editors are the gatekeepers of good grammar. But an English or journalism degree doesn’t confer that status on you; good copy editors are not only innately skilled at what they do but also intimately familiar with any one of several style manuals the particular one depends on the type of publishing and often the specific company. (Many book, magazine, and newspaper publishers have their own guides that both supplement and supersede any others.) Most copy editors who work in book and magazine publishing must get to know The Chicago Manual of Style. It’s a thick tome, but only about half a dozen chapters about grammar, capitalization and other emphasis, numbers, and the like are critical. For newspapers and many online publications, The Associated Press Stylebook, more a directory of accepted usage than a style manual, is the resource of record. The proximity of a well-loved copy of Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, or Merriam-Webster Online among a computer’s bookmarks, is a sure sign of a copy editor. Prospective copy editors, whether employees, contractors, or freelancers, must usually pass a rigorous test that generally consists of an error-ridden writing sample. But just as important as knowing what to revise is understanding how much editing is too much, as well as demonstrating your problem-solving skills. Many people who hire copy editors appreciate those who, rather than asking, â€Å"What should I do about this?† say, â€Å"Here’s what I did about this. OK?† Many university continuing-education programs have one or more courses in copyediting, where you’ll get focused training with a professional. It’s a great networking opportunity, too, because often, students in such classes aren’t necessarily setting out to become copy editors; they may just want to learn copyediting skills to help them in other jobs involving written communication. One of these people might need your help someday. You can also teach yourself Amy Einsohn’s The Copyeditor’s Handbook is the best DIY resource but one or more on-site or online courses will guide you more effectively. Either way, Einsohn’s book, originally conceived as a companion to Chicago, is a handy item. Develop Be prepared to pay your dues. Copyediting is a distinctive skill, and adept practitioners are highly sought after, but it’s also a competitive profession. It will generally take at least a few years to become more than competent. Look for job openings at small newspapers, apply for online copyediting gigs and jobs, and take any internship or entry-level job (such as editorial assistant) in a print or Web-based publishing enterprise you can get; after a stint in that position, ask to take a crack at copyediting assignments or apply when a copyediting job opens up. Be open to proofreading work, too. Proofreading is a similar but simpler skill, involving typographical errors more than substantive editing issues (and it usually pays less), but many copy editors practice both skills, and proofreading is often an entree to copyediting. Eventually, you may decide on a preferred medium books, periodicals, Web sites, reports, all of which have widely different formats, procedures, and other qualities but be flexible when you start your copyediting career. You can always shift to another publishing realm later. As I used to tell my copyediting students only half-jokingly the copy editor’s most essential attribute is omniscience. The best copy editors are voracious (and promiscuous) lifelong learners: Not only do they continuously hone their skills I’m still learning things after a quarter century they are also indiscriminate readers; I can’t tell you how many times my passion for learning random facts and ideas has helped me catch potentially embarrassing errors or correct unfortunate misconceptions. My favorite example: Years ago, when I was copyediting, in proof form, a revised edition of an astronomy textbook, I immediately recognized three factual errors in the caption for an iconic photograph of an Apollo 11 astronaut that read â€Å"Edward Aldrin.† If you can rattle off the trio of trip-ups using only your brain, then maybe you can be one of the few, the proud, the copy editors. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly Words"Have" vs "Having" in Certain Expressions50 Musical Terms Used in Nonmusical Senses

Brown v. Board of Education essays

Brown v. Board of Education essays Until the mid-1950s, less than a century ago, African-American children from certain states were forced to attend different schools from their white counterparts. Segregation pervaded almost every aspect of society, however: blacks used separate washrooms, drinking fountains, and eating facilities. In the early 1950s, the NAACP helped to bring several cases before the Supreme Court to prove that school segregation in particular was harmful to black children and was a direct violation of the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution. Although judges in Kansas ruled in favor of the Board of Education initially, the Supreme Court eventually overturned the "separate but equal" laws in the landmark decision known as Brown versus Board of Education. If I had been on the panel of Supreme Court judges in the mid-1950s, when that case was decided, I would have ruled similarly but with further demands to quickly and universally end segregation in all aspects of society. Although the case focused exclusively on the American public school system, I would have issued a statement alongside my decision that would have encouraged the NAACP and any other civil rights organization to pursue more cases regarding segregation. The Brown versus Board of Education decision is a great start, as it sets the pace of society through its children. Exposing African-American children to gross inequality at early ages prepares them to feel like inferior members of society. This in turn promotes racism and creates a culture based on the unequal treatment of people of color. The public schools that black children attended were poorly funded and staffed in relation to white schools. Unfortunately, that situation still exists today in the 21st century, decades after the Brown versus Board of Education was decided, but this is an issue that cannot be solved in the courtroom but rather with a total re...

Learning Organization and Human Motivation Essay

Learning Organization and Human Motivation - Essay Example As companies and corporations become larger and more complex, so do the responsibilities of management and the call for structured strategies. In our world of exploding technological changes, the burden of change upon individuals becomes greater and there is also the continual threat of downsizing or being replaced by automation. There are innumerable theories regarding human motivation and especially over the past twenty-five years, these theories have provided a maze through which management has walked, trying this and that; some theories worked, others did not. Let us examine just a few theories that have withstood the test of time and are the core of the newer theories. We shall begin with the advent of Maslow's theory of a hierarchy of needs since it was Maslow who countered Sigmund Freud's statements of declaring people as inherently lazy creatures who are motivated at work only through reward, coercion, intimidation, and punishment (accel Team, 2005). A. H. Maslow brought management and workers out of the dark ages and delivered them into a refreshing affirmation of themselves as human beings rather than animals. According to Mazlow, the highest needs of a human are self-esteem and self-actualisation (Maslow, 1943, pp 381 - 383). In the workplace (according to Maslow), the ability to exercise c... In the workplace (according to Maslow), the ability to exercise creativity and decision-making whilst practicing new skills is central to the self-esteem of the worker. In terms of management, the harbingers of change began to emerge as the workplace became less oppressive and more balanced between doing and learning. Still, there was work to be done in terms of addressing psychological needs of workers in terms of balancing rewards for incentives and motivational learning within organisations. Whilst an individual is hired on the basis of knowledge and skill for the task at hand, once in the workplace, the individual needs the opportunity to climb higher, do better, if they so choose. This is where the balance of power can get sticky, for those in management also need to engage in learning and adapting to changing trends. If those on the higher end of the work spectrum fail to adapt and learn, those from below have the opportunity to move up and replace them; here is where fear becomes the motivating force, and its presence is counterproductive for all concerned. The most famous motivation theories, upon which nearly all current theories are based, originate from four theorists: Sigmund Freud (Theory X), A. H. Maslow Theory Y), Douglas McGregor (Theory XY) and William Ouichi (Theory Z). It must be noted that there are arguments regarding the authorship of Theories Y and Z; we are referencing them here with the corresponding theorists for the sake of convenience.

Importance of Providing Additional Support to the Prisoners, Prison Research Paper

Importance of Providing Additional Support to the Prisoners, Prison Management - Research Paper Example The rate of crime has increased drastically over the years and in the absence of a comprehensive professional and continuous learning and development program, that seeks to enhance the lives of the citizens as a whole, curbing crime and ensuring a safe neighborhood is inconceivable. Statistics reveal that approximately two-thirds of the prisons in England and Wales are stuffed with inmates well beyond their actual capacity. According to the Howard League for Penal Reform, approximately 52, 500 prisoners are stuffed in jails which are overcrowded, similarly, in HMP Preston, 661 prisoners are forced to live in a jail which has a capacity of holding 356 inmates, the worst case by far. (BBC News, 2009). Such staggering statistics call for immediate reformative measures which involve proactive policies to keep people out of jails. This, however, can be achieved only through the adoption and implementation of a wide-ranging program that focuses on providing adequate training to those in ch arge, i.e., the prison officers who are entrusted with the responsibility of providing security, supervising, offering training as well as rehabilitating the offenders through motivation and encouragement. Preventing prisoners from reoffending is one of the key objectives of any criminal justice system. Although punishing the offenders for their crimes, is the most widely accepted tools of justice, punishment alone cannot and does not guarantee a safe and healthy society. In order to create a harmonious environment and safeguard the interests of the general public, it must be ensured that the offenders abstain from indulging in any criminal activities.

Voting & Election Methods Essay Question Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Voting & Election Methods Question - Essay Example However, an alternative within the plurality procedures is called a runoff election where the top two candidates would have a separate election after the initial plurality vote. In this case, it is likely that the top two candidates would be the liberal and conservative candidates winning 41% and 39%, respectively. These candidates would face off in a runoff election. If the results are at all similar to the support numbers in the polls for the 1992 election with Clinton, Bush, and Perot, it may be likely that the 20% of the voters who chose our moderate candidate in this example would favor the conservative candidate at 39% and this candidate would become the winner. If the majority of the 20% would go in favor of the liberal at 41% then the candidate would likely win the majority vote and win in a landslide. The remaining two types of voting processes are called a preference ballot and a Borda count. These two processes require the voter to rank each candidate in the election in the order they like the candidates the best. The votes are counted and each candidate receives the number of votes they won, 3 would stand for the top choice, 2 for the middle choice, and 1 for the least choice in our three person example. The goal of the preference ballot or Borda count is to find the majority winner or the person with more than 50% of the total votes. If this does not occur, then in places such as Australia, a sequential runoff is performed where the weakest candidate’s votes are given to the #2 choice on each voter’s ballot. This process is more difficult to predict. If more people vote that our moderate candidate at 20% is their second choice, it will cause more total votes to be given to that candidate and result in he or she being the winner. This process is problematic becau se at the very end, should this example

Time Value of Money Essay Example for Free

Time Value of Money Essay Interest rate pertains to the earning which is made over time (Valentino, 2002). Two important parties are engaged in this scenario – the borrower and the lender. The borrower incurs the losses while the investor has the interest, the profit, after the term is fulfilled. There are two main types of interest rates according to their nature: nominal interest rate and the real interest rate. Nominal interest rates are fixed and normally contract bound for a given term. While real interest rate takes inflation into account, thus the interest rate is subject to change over time, depending on the economic conditions (Dr. Johnson, 1994-2005). For example, a $10,000 loan with an interest rate of 20% payable for 2 years will have the same interest rate until the 2-year term ends under a nominal interest rate setting while the interest rate is likely to change after the 1st year under a real interest rate setting. Interest rates can also be classified according to their earning power: simple interest and compound interest. In simple interest, only the principal amount gains interest. While in compound interest, the current amount (principal + the previous interest incurred) will gain the interest (Valentino, 2002). For example, if Mr. X borrowed $10,000 from a bank with a simple interest rate of 10% annually. The interest will be equal to $10,000 X 0.10 X 2 which is equal to $2,000. Hence, the accumulated value will be equal to $10,000 plus $2,000 which is equal to $12,000 after the 2-year term. While under compound interest, after the first year, the interest would be $10,000 X 0.10 = $1,000 and the accumulated value will be $11,000. This will become the new principal. After the second year, the interest would be $11,000 X 0.10 = $ 1,100 and so the accumulated value would be $ 12,100 at the end of the 2-year term (TVM 1.2.2 Java Bean, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discount rate is not much different from the interest rate. Actually, it is also governed by the same principle. The only difference between the two is that the interest is paid at the end of the term under an interest rate, but under a discount rate, the interest is paid immediately or at the beginning of the period (Dr. Johnson, 1994-2005). Using the previous example, under a simple discount rate of 10% if Mr. X would have to borrowed the same amount then, the bank would not give him $10,000, but less the interest. Since the interest must be discounted at the beginning, then the bank will only lend him $8,000 but he has to pay $ 10,000 at the end of the 2-year term (TVM 1.2.2 Java Bean, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clearly, the interest and discount rate are some of the most important economic indicators. Proper computation and data would give economists a measure of how much an interest rate would be. Therefore, to preserve the value of money through time, analysts should accurately measure the current economic trends and implement the most accurate rates as possible. References: Valentino P. (2002). Interest Rates. Retrieved August 17, 2007, from Economics Web Institute. Website: http://www.economicswebinstitute.org/glossary/interest.htm. Dr. Johnson, P.M. (1994-2005). A Glossary of Political Economy Terms: Discount rate. Retrieved August 17, 2007, from Auburn University.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Website: http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/discount_rate. TVM 1.2.2 Java Bean. Retrieved August 17, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from: http://www.getobjects.com/Components/Finance/TVM/tvm.html.

Ageism at work

Ageism at work INTRODUCTION Ageism can be defined as any attitude, action, or institutional structure which subordinates a person or group because of age or any assignment of roles in society purely on the basis of age (Traxler, 1980, p. 4). As an ism, ageism reflects a prejudice in society against older adults. Ageism, however, is different from other isms (sexism, racism etc.), for primarily two reasons. First, age classification is not static. An individuals age classification changes as one progresses through the life cycle. Thus, age classification is characterized by continual change, while the other classification systems traditionally used by society such as race and gender remain constant. Second, no one is exempt from at some point achieving the status of old, and therefore, unless they die at an early age, experiencing ageism. The later is an important distinction as ageism can thus affect the individual on two levels. First, the individual may be ageist with respect to others. That is s/he may stereotype other people on the basis of age. Second, the individual may be ageist with respect to self. Thus, ageist attitudes may affect the self concept. Much research has been conducted concerning ageism. However, the empirical evidence is inconclusive. Some research demonstrates the existence of ageist attitudes (Golde Kogan, 1959; Kastenbaum Durkee, 1964a, 1964b; Tuckman Lorge, 1953) and other research does not (Brubaker Powers, 1976; Schonfield, 1985). This discrepancy is most likely the result of methodological differences and, in particular, methodological errors. A brief discussion of the major methodological errors or problems found in ageism research may be helpful in clarifying this point. The first major problem is that the majority of ageism research suffers from a mono-method bias. In other words, each study used only one method to operationally define the ageism construct. Methods commonly used have included sentence completion (Golde Kogan, 1959), semantic differential (Kogan Wallach, 1961; Rosencranz McNevin, 1969), Likert scales (Kilty Feld, 1976), and adjective checklists (Aaronson, 1966). The problem inherent in the use of a mono-method is that any effect found may be an artifact of the method employed rather than the construct under study. Thus, a researcher should employ more than one method to look for consistency in the results. Another problem, according to Kogan (1979) is the use of within-subjects designs in ageism research. In other words, a subject will be asked to complete a questionnaire regarding both younger and older adults. Kogan asserts that by using this methodology, age is pushed to the foreground of a subjects mind. The subject thus becomes aware that the researcher is looking for age differences. Therefore, age differences are found. The use of primarily younger populations to study ageism represents another problem with ageism research. The majority of ageism research uses children, adolescents, or young adults as subjects and examines their perception of older adults. Only a few studies have examined the perceptions of the population whom the construct affects most older adults. Those studies which have used an older subject population have unfortunately used primarily institutionalized individuals as subjects (Kastenbaum Durkee, 1964a; Tuckman Lavell, 1957). Therefore, they do not represent the vast majority of older adults. Another problem with much of ageism research is that it only examines the negative stereotypes of old age. More recent studies have suggested that while attitudes toward the aged are increasingly positive, they are still stereotypic (Austin, 1985). Therefore, ageism has been expanded to include positive stereotypic images. However, these are rarely studied (Brubaker Powers, 1976). Two additional problems are primarily theoretical in nature. First, ageism research rarely examines or attempts to understand the causes of ageism. Thus, while much theoretical work has been conducted concerning the factors contributing to ageism, little empirical research has been conducted in this area. Second, ageism research rarely examines the interaction between ageism and other isms. As many individuals are in a position to experience more than one prejudice, the interaction between these prejudices needs to be examined. The Theoretical Basis of Ageism Ageism consists of a negative bias or stereotypic attitude toward aging and the aged. It is maintained in the form of primarily negative stereotypes and myths concerning the older adult. Traxler (1980) outlines four factors that have contributed to this negative image of aging. Each will be discussed below. The first factor that is postulated to contribute to ageism is the fear of death in Western society. Western civilization conceptualizes death as outside of the human life cycle (Butler Lewis, 1977). As such, death is experienced and viewed as an affront to the self. Death is not seen as natural and inevitable part of the life course. This can be contrasted with Eastern philosophy where life and death are all part of a continuous cycle. Death and life are inextricably woven together and the self continues throughout. To be a person, in Western society, however, means that one must be alive and in control of the events of one1s life. Therefore, death is feared. As death is feared, old age is feared; death and old age are viewed as synonymous in American society (Kastenbaum, 1979). Kastenbaum (1973) hypothesizes that ageism attitudes and stereotypes serve to insulate the young and middle-aged from the ambivalence they feel towards the elderly. This ambivalence results from the fact that the older adult is viewed as representing aging and death. Butler (1969) states: Ageism reflects a deep seated uneasiness on the part of the young and middle-aged a personal revulsion to and distaste for growing old, disease, disability; and a fear of powerlessness, uselessness, and death ((p. 243). This represents the most commonly argued basis for ageism. The second factor postulated by Traxler (1980) to contribute to ageism is the emphasis on the youth culture in American society. For example, the media, ranging from television to novels, place an emphasis on youth, physical beauty, and sexuality. Older adults are primarily ignored or portrayed negatively (Martel, 1968; Northcott, 1975). The emphasis on youth not only affects how older individuals are perceived but also how older individuals perceive themselves. Persons who are dependent on physical appearance and youth for their identity are likely to experience loss of self-esteem with age (Block, Davidson, Grumbs, 1981). The emphasis in American culture on productivity represents the third factor contributing to ageism in American culture (Traxler, 1980). It should be noted that productivity is narrowly defined in terms of economic potential. Both ends of the life cycle are viewed as unproductive, children and the aged. The middle-aged are perceived as carrying the burdens imposed by both groups (Butler, 1969). Children, however, are viewed as having future economic potential. In a way, they are seen as an economic investment. Economically, older adults are perceived as a financial liability. This is not to say that older adults are unproductive. However, upon retirement, the older adult is no longer viewed as economically productive in American society and thus devalued. The fourth factor contributing to ageism in American society and the so-called helping professions is the manner in which aging was originally researched. Poorly controlled gerontological studies have reinforced the negative image of the older adult. When aging was originally studied, researchers went to long-term care institutions where the aged were easy to find. However, only 5 percent of the older population is institutionalized. Thus, the early research on the aged and aging was based upon non-well, institutionalized older individuals. There is still a need for more research to be undertaken using a healthy, community-dwelling older population. The factors cited above represent four contributing factors to ageism. It has been proposed that individual ageist attitudes can be decreased through continual exposure to and work with older adults (Rosencranz McNevin, 1969). However, there appears to be a large societal influence on ageist attitudes. Therefore, until these societal influences are addressed, ageism can not be obliterated. For example, if the fear of death and therefore aging is not somehow addressed societally, then younger individuals will continue to attempt to make the older population somehow different from themselves. This differentiation of themselves from older adults, thus serves to protect them from the reality of death. DISCRIMINATION AT WORK PLACE The number of people claiming to have faceddiscrimination at workbecause of their age has more than tripled in a year, according to official statistics. Figures released by the Tribunal Service show that claims rose from 962 in 2006 to 2,940 in 2007. The figures come just days after Selina Scott reached a settlement with Channel Five, thought to be worth  £250,000, after claiming she had been the victim of ageism. The 57-year-old presenter sued the broadcaster after claiming she had been lined up to provide maternity cover for Natasha Kaplinsky on Five News but was subsequently overlooked. The figures will reinforce the belief among solicitors that the number of age-related cases will soar over the next few years. Legislation outlawing age discrimination was introduced three years ago, and Melanie Thomas, a solicitor at discrimination law specialists Palmer Wade, said: It takes a while for people to understand that they have new rights. Other figures show that there were 1,032 age discrimination claims in tribunals between April and June, compared with 700 claims in the same period last year. In 2007, the average payout for successful age discrimination cases was  £8,695, compared with  £10,044 for sex discrimination and  £17,308 for race claims. Meanwhile, some people have tried to exploit the laws to their own advantage. Margaret Keane, 50, applied for a series of jobs for recently qualified chartered accountants and, after failing to get any, tabled compensation claims on the grounds of age discrimination. Gillian Shaw, a solicitor at employment law specialists Ledingham Chalmers LLP, said: There is a financial incentive for claimants to look for an alternative to a straightforward claim of, say, unfair dismissal because age discrimination, like sex and race discrimination, does not have an upper limit on the amount of compensation that can be claimed. Scott argued that Channel Five had backed out of a  £200,000 presenting deal because they felt she was too old, choosing Isla Traquair, 28, instead. A string of former BBC faces including Kate Adie and Anna Ford joined forces to accuse television of discriminating against mature women. Dame Joan Bakewell claimed the medium was dominated by the hideously young. In an interview in todays Observer, Ford claims women suffer the most. Ageism against women, she adds, is a peculiar British tradition. In America, there are women with white hair who are heads of banks, heads of corporations, she said. Where are those women here? The latest government figures, released earlier this year, showed that the pay gap between men and women had widened for the first time in years. The new Equality Bill is due to be presented to Parliament this spring, and not a moment too soon, according to the Equality and Human Rights Commissions fifth annual Sex Power report, which recorded a drop for the first time in women attaining top jobs. In 12 out of 25 job categories, it found fewer women in top posts than in 2007. Ageism at work in later life There is a commonly assumed view that ageism affects only a small minority of older people in the UK. The popular television character Victor Meldrew from One Foot in the Grave perfectly captures the stereotype of a grumbling man in later life, stuck in his ways, resistant to change, baffled by technology and distanced from the views and activities of young people. Yet, when examining the issue of ageism, it becomes clear that as with all stereotypes this image is flawed. Ageism affects a wide age group, of both genders and all backgrounds. According to a MORI Social Research Institute poll, ageism tops the list of UK discrimination in the workplace. Over one in five people (22%) interviewed by MORI felt they had been unfairly discriminated against in the work environment. 38 per cent of those who were discriminated against cited age as the most prevalent form of discrimination. Of those who believed they had personally encountered ageism in the workplace, just over half said they were discriminated against because they were too old, however the remaining half claimed to have received unfair treatment for being too young. Estimated cost to the economy of this form of discrimination ranges from  £16 billion to  £31 billion.These figures are shocking but statistics alone cannot account for the social or personal impact that ageism has on individuals and society at large. The government Age Positive Campaign is insistent that attitudes must change. By 2010 nearly 40 per cent of the working population will be over 45. Supporting this cultural shift, legislation preventing ageism in the workplace will be in place in the UK by 2006. But what the government really wants is change here and now. More and more employers in the public and private sector are convinced by the business case of employing a mixed age workforce. They know that Age Positive can result in operational, market and revenue gains. Mixed age workforces are proven to provide employers with a wider available skills base, improved productivity, better morale, increased customer loyalty, greater market share and increased shareholder wealth. METHODOLOGY Todays report by the Employers Forum on Age (EFA), which surveyed 1,000 workers over the age of 16, claims discrimination against older and younger employees remains rife in the workplace. It found that 61 per cent of respondents had witnessed ageist behaviour at work, and half did not know about legislation which would make this illegal. The survey also shows that young and old people could lose out on pay rises and promotions as a result of their age 31 per cent said they had seen older people paid more for doing exactly the same job as a younger employee. Almost a quarter 23 per cent recalled an older worker being promoted even if the younger candidate had more experience. EFA director Sam Mercer commented: As our research has confirmed, ageism is endemic in our society and rife in our workplaces. These attitudes need to be challenged and outlawed so that they become as unacceptable as sexism or racism. Although Mr Mercer said the new laws, which will come into force on Sunday, will help provide protection for people who feel that they have been discriminated against on grounds of their age, he added the change in legislation was just the beginning of a long jour ney towards tackling social prejudices. A spokesman for the Department for Work and Pensions told politics.co.uk the government was committed to ensuring equality at work. He noted that in the past year 208,000 more people aged over 50 are working, claiming the evidence suggests there are many businesses which are keen to harness the skills and experience older workers can bring. He added: We know the practice of ageism is bad for business and the new legislation will ensure that older workers are protected and ageism is stamped out. The governments Age Positive campaign, which sees businesses supplied with an age toolkit, involves working with a wide range of UK businesses to help them recognise the benefits of older workers such as reduced recruitment costs, higher retention rates, greater flexibility, higher productivity, and a broader range of skills and experience, he said. The government will consider whether to keep the compulsory retirement age, currently at 65 for men, or to abolish it at a formal review in 2011. The EFA report comes in the wake of a separate survey for the charity Help the Aged, which finds only 42 per cent of the 1,000 people questioned were aware of the new laws on age discrimination. It also showed that older people still feared ageism at work, and called on the government to ensure older employees knew their rights Age discrimination is still rife, and urgent legislation is needed to stamp it out, a survey has said. EXAMPLES Ageism also happen in sports like there is an example of Pakistani team coach Intikhab Ageism doesnt bother Pakistan coach KARACHI: Pakistan cricket team coach Intikhab Alam on Tuesday brushed aside negative criticism from those demanding his removal because of hisage, saying the campaign was motivated by jealousy. The 67-year-old guided Pakistan to the World Twenty20 title in England in June but Tests and One-day defeats on the Sri Lankatourlast month prompted former players to brand his old age a hindrance in proper coaching. But Alam brushed aside the flak. If there is healthy criticism I take it in a positive way, but targeting my age is negative thinking and I smell jealousy from this, said Alam on the sidelines of Pakistan teams training camp. The five-day camp is the final phase of Pakistans preparations for the elite eight-nationChampions Trophyto be played in South Africa from September 22-October 5. Alam said the same people who were pointing finger at his age were praising him a few months ago. I feel sorry for such people who have a personal vendetta against me, said Alam, who was also credited for Pakistans success in the 50-over World Cup in Australia in 1992. They cannot digest our T20 success. Former captain Aamir Sohail last week criticised Alam for being too old to handle coaching at international level. Former PakistanCricketBoard chief Tauqir Zia also joined Sohail in targeting Alams age, saying Pakistan needs a young coach to guide them to more successes. Alam, however, insists he is fit. I even take part in coaching drills and my age has never been a hindrance in my work. Coaching is all about experience and football coaches worldwide are over 70 years of age but no one speaks against them, said Alam. CONCLUSION According to an ICM poll for Age Concern, nearly one third of people know someone who has been a victim of age discrimination at work. Age discrimination is so widespread that 70% of people believe that ageism still occurs, the same as when a similar survey was conducted in 1998. Another one-in-10 people said that they have experienced discrimination by the NHS, health insurance companies, and been turned down for financial products because of their age. Too old Age Concern criticised employers and companies for failing to tackle ageism and the governments voluntary Code of Practice on age diversity in employment, which was published in 1999. Gordon Lishman, director general of Age Concern England, said: The governments voluntary code clearly isnt working. Comprehensive legislation is needed now, not just to cover the workplace but many other sectors of life. In November 2000, the government adopted a European Union directive, which outlaws age discrimination at work. It must now introduce legislation which supports the directives principles by 2006. Political voice Age Concern has also announced plans to offer older people membership of the charity, to strengthen its campaigning work. Mr Lishman, said: It will give older people the opportunity to directly influence policy makers and force the age issue higher up the political agenda. There are between 700,000 and 1m people in the UK who are aged between 50 and 64 and are unemployed or economically inactive. BIBLOGRAPHY BBC INDIATIMES http://www.india-seminar.com/2000/488/488%20srivastava.htm